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太极拳之练习谈

杨澄甫口述 张鸿逵笔录

  中国之拳术,随派别繁多,要知皆寓有哲理之技术,历来古人穷毕生之精力,而不能尽其玄妙者,比比皆是,学者若费一日之功力,即得有一日之成效,日积月累,水到渠成。

  太极拳,乃柔中寓刚、棉里藏针之艺术,于技术上、生理上、力学上,有相当之哲理存焉。故研究此道者,需经过一定之程序与相当之时日,虽然良师之指导、好友之切磋,故不可少,而最紧要者,是在逐日自身之锻炼。否则谈论终日,思慕经年,一朝交手,空洞无物,依然是门外汉者,未有逐日功夫。古人所谓,终思无益,不如学也。若能晨昏无间,寒暑不易,一经动念,即举摹练,无论老友男女,及其成功则一也。

  近来研究太极拳者,由北而南,同志日增,不禁为武术前途喜。然同志中,专心苦练,诚心向学,将来不可限量者,故不乏人,但普通不免入于两途,一则天才既具,年力又强,举一反三,颖悟出群,惜乎稍有小成,便是满足,邃迩中辍,未能大受;其次急求速效,忽略而成,未经一载,拳、剑、刀、枪皆已学全,虽能依样葫芦,而实际未得此中三昧,一经考究其方向动作,上下内外,皆未合度,如欲改正,则式式皆须修改,且朝经改正,而夕已忘却。故常闻人曰:"习拳容易该拳难。"此语之来,皆由速成而至此。如此辈者,以误传误,必致自误误人,最为技术前途忧者也。

  太极拳开始,先练拳架。所谓拳架者,即照拳谱上各式名称,一式一式由师指教,学者悉心静气,默记揣摩,而照行之,谓之练架子。此时学者应注意内外上下:属于内者,即所谓用意不用力,下则气沉丹田,上则虚灵顶劲;属于外者,周身轻灵,节节贯穿,由脚而腿而腰,沉肩曲肘等是也。初学之时,先此数句,朝夕揣摩,而体会之,一式一手,总须仔细推求,举动练习,务求正确。习练既纯,再求二式,于是逐渐而至于习完,如是则毋事改正,日久亦不致更变要领也。

  习练运行时,周身骨节,均须松开自然。其一,口腹不可闭气;其二,四肢腰腿,不可起强劲。此二句,学内家拳者,类能道之,但一举动,一转身,或踢腿摆腰,其气喘矣,起身摇矣,其病皆由闭气与起强劲也。摩练时头部不可偏侧与俯仰,所谓要"头顶悬",若有物顶于头上之意,切忌硬直,所谓悬字意义也。目光虽然向前平视,有时当随身法而转移,其视线虽属空虚,亦为变化中一紧要之动作,而补身法手法之不足也。其口似开非开,似闭非闭,口呼鼻吸,任其自然。如舌下生津,当随时咽入,勿吐弃之。

  身躯宜中正而不倚,脊梁与尾闾,宜垂直而不偏;但遇开合变化时,有含胸拔背、沉肩转腰之活动,初学时皆须注意,否则日久难改,必流于板滞,功夫虽深,难以得以致用矣。

  两臂骨节均须松开,肩应下垂,肘应下曲,掌宜微伸,手尖微曲,以意运臂,以气贯指,日积月累,内劲通灵,其玄妙自生矣。

  两腿宜分虚实,起落犹似猫行。体重移于左者,则左实,而右脚谓之虚;移于右者,则右实,而左脚谓之虚。所谓虚者,非空,其势仍未断,而留有伸缩变化之余意存焉。所谓实者,确实而已,非用劲过分,用力过猛之谓。故腿曲至垂直为准,逾此谓之过劲,身躯前扑,即失中正姿势。

  脚掌应分踢腿(谱上左右分脚或写左右起脚)与蹬脚二式,踢腿时注意脚尖,蹬腿时则注意全掌,意到而气到,气到而劲自到,但腿节均须松开平稳出之。此时最易起强劲,身躯波折而不稳,发腿亦无力矣。
太极拳之程序,先练拳架(属于徒手),如太极拳、太极长拳;其次单手推挽、原地推手、活步推手、大捋、三首;再次则器械,如太极剑、太极刀、太极枪(十三枪)等是也。

  练习时间,每日起床后两遍,若晨起无暇,则睡前两遍,一日之中,应练七八次,至少晨昏各一遍。但醉后、饱食后,皆宜避忌。

  练习地点,以庭院与厅堂,能通空气,多光线者为相宜。忌直射之列风与有阴湿霉气之场所,因身体一经运动,呼吸定然深长,故烈风与霉气,如深入腹中,有害于肺脏,易致疾病也。练习之服装,宜宽大之中服短装与阔头之布鞋为相宜。习练经时,如遇出汗,切忌脱衣裸体,或行冷水楷抹,否则未有不患疾病也。


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